Electoral politics | PolEconFin

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Markets under Siege: How Political Beliefs Move Financial Markets

Paper

Posted on 12 October 2024

By Saumitra Jha

Can political beliefs, particularly about benefits of war versus peace, move thick financial markets? We document that following an unlikely victory by French citizen-soldiers during the German Siege of Paris...

Political Polarization and Finance

Paper

Posted on 5 August 2024

By Elisabeth Kempf

We review an empirical literature that studies how political polarization affects financial decisions. We first discuss the degree of partisan segregation in finance and corporate America, the mechanisms through which...

Electoral politics | Empirics | Political institutions

Valuing Peace: The Effects of Financial Market Exposure on Votes and Political Attitudes

Paper

Posted on 1 May 2024

By Saumitra Jha

Can participation in financial markets lead individuals to reevaluate the costs of conflict, change their political attitudes, and even their votes? Prior to the 2015 Israeli elections, we randomly assigned...

Electoral politics | Empirics | Political institutions

Mega-Donors and Representation of the Wealthy in the Wake of Citizens United

Paper

Posted on 25 April 2024

By Guosong Xu

We document that in the wake of the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision, which increased in the ability of the wealthy to finance political campaigns, the share of total electoral...

Corporate finance | Electoral politics | Empirics

Safeguarding Against Populist Expropriation Risk

Paper

Posted on 22 December 2023

By Wei-Fong Pan

This study explores whether firms adjust their liquidity in response to heightened uncertainty and expropriation risk associated with populism. Using an event study approach, we consistently find that firms reduce...

Corporate finance | Electoral politics | Theory

Corporate Political Interests in Absentia

Paper

Posted on 5 October 2023

By Stylianos Papageorgiou

We formalize Zingales' (2017) argument about the link between corporate economic characteristics and political influence in a setup that exhibits an inverse relationship between citizens' participation in production and the...

Electoral politics | Empirics | Financial markets | Regulation

Is Sustainable Finance a Dangerous Placebo?

Paper

Posted on 18 July 2023

By Stefano Ramelli

A first-order concern regarding sustainable finance is that it may crowd out individual support for more effective, policy-driven approaches to address societal challenges. We test the validity of this concern...

Corporate finance | Electoral politics | Empirics

Smokestacks and the Swamp

Paper

Posted on 25 August 2022

By Stefan Lewellen

We examine the causal effect of politicians' partisan ideologies on firms' industrial pollution decisions. Using a regression discontinuity design involving close U.S. congressional elections, we show that plants increase pollution...

Banking | Electoral politics | Theory

Bailouts by Popular Demand

Paper

Posted on 4 August 2022

By Stylianos Papageorgiou

We characterize conditions under which the majority of voters supports a bailout despite incurring bailout expenditures. This yields inefficiently high investments when economic prospects are good. When economic prospects are...

Electoral politics | Financial development | Theory

Collective and Individual Investments in Financial Literacy

Paper

Posted on 10 June 2022

By Stylianos Papageorgiou

A collective and an individual investment in financial literacy, plus intrinsic skills, contribute to each household's financial literacy. We show that low- and high-skilled households oppose the collective investment, contrary...

Central banking | Electoral politics | Political institutions

Ideology and Monetary Policy

Paper

Posted on 25 May 2022

By Nicolo Fraccaroli

We investigate the link between ideology and the sentiments of parliamentarians when they speak to the central bank they hold accountable. To this end, we collect textual data on the...

Electoral politics | Empirics | Financial markets

Investor Rewards to Climate Responsibility: Stock-Price Responses to the Opposite Shocks of the 2016 and 2020 US Elections

Paper

Posted on 28 January 2022

By Stefano Ramelli

Donald Trump's 2016 election and his nomination of climate skeptic Scott Pruitt to head the Environmental Protection Agency drastically downshifted expectations about U.S. policy toward climate change. Joseph Biden's 2020...

Electoral politics | Political institutions | Theory

Leaping into the Dark: A Model of Policy Gambles with Self-Fulfilling Features

Paper

Posted on 22 November 2021

By Kartik Anand

We examine why rational voters support risky “policy gambles”, even when detrimental to welfare, over maintaining a safe status quo. We present a model of electoral competition with two groups...

Banking | Central banking | Electoral politics | Empirics | Political institutions

Central Banks in Parliaments

Paper

Posted on 10 October 2021

By Nicolo Fraccaroli

This paper investigates whether parliamentary hearings are effective in holding central banks accountable against their mandates. To this end, it applies text analysis on the hearings of the Bank of...

Banking | Corporate finance | Electoral politics | Financial markets

Does Political Partisanship Cross Borders? Evidence from International Capital Flows

Paper

Posted on 4 October 2021

By Elisabeth Kempf

Does partisan perception shape the flow of international capital? We provide evidence from two settings, syndicated corporate loans and equity mutual funds, to show that ideological alignment with foreign governments...

Papers & Opinions